RESUMEN
Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent dangerous infectious diseases and save lives. The expansion of human communication, the rapid spread of emerging infections worldwide, and the creation of dangerous pandemics like COVID-19 is worrying. On the other hand, with the emergence of new technologies such as genetic engineering of microorganisms, genome editing, and synthetic biology, the possibility of abusing these tools for illegal use is the next concern. In this situation, the need for rapid vaccination technologies and programs was given special importance. Recently, new vaccine platforms such as viral vector and mRNA vaccines have shown great promise that they can be used to prepare and protect human lives against dangerous infections. One of the most important factors for vaccination is the rapid development and approval of vaccines. In this review, we have given a perspective view of new vaccine technologies to rapidly develop vaccine s to combat emerging infections and the biodefence against biological criminals. © 2023 The Author(s).
RESUMEN
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Since then, researchers worldwide have focused their attention on identifying effective treatments and developing vaccines to combat this disease. Aim: To report the effectiveness of the drugs employed in the COVID-19 treatment protocols based on data from clinical trial studies conducted from the beginning of the pandemic until December 10, 2020. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted an advanced search in several electronic databases. A total of 13553 studies was screened by two people simultaneously and separately based on the article title, and full-text. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Cochrane criteria. Results: Of the 13553 studies identified, 50 clinical trials were included in this systematic review. Of these, three studies explored the use of remdesivir, nine studies the use of hydroxychloroquine, five studies the use of lopinavir/ritonavir, six studies the use of favipiravir, one study the use of tocilizumab, two studies the use of interferon beta-1a and two studies the use of umifenovir.
RESUMEN
The prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the third registered spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans from the early 21st century. Coronaviruses are important human and animal pathogens. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) rapidly spreads, resulting in an epidemic throughout China, followed by an increasing number of cases in other countries throughout the world. Recently, a wide range of inhibitors have been introduced for treatment of COVID-19, and also promising vaccines are in late phase of development. Here, we aim to present an overview of recent findings of the biological and clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with possible treatments and future vaccines.
RESUMEN
Every year we see many changes in the world around us. One of these changes is the climate and weather, and it could be one of the reasons for changing behaviors between humans and animals, which could cause zoonotic diseases. We usually face new diseases that infect a growing population leading to a pandemic. Different reasons are leading to an increase in the emergence of new infections. Some of these diseases can be associated with zoonotic diseases and the diverse world of viral genetics and its failures. Furthermore, properties like mutations and also unknown effects of these mutations on the virulence of the agents make it challenging to trace new diseases. As we know, preventing emerging diseases is inevitable and viral diseases are dangerous, and some viruses can spread quickly and cause an endemic or pandemic. As was noticed during the recent pandemic, the need to study emerging diseases in the field of virology has become more and more apparent to us. In this review, we want to look at how we could monitor and control these diseases with new approaches and what should be done when a disease emerges. Moreover, we will investigate risk factors, ways to deal with emerging viral infections, new treatments that make the condition better when a person gets infected, and the future of these diseases. We will also study the ways to deal with pandemics with the new generations of vaccines.
RESUMEN
While the world has faced an epidemic disease resulted from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), a disease which has derived from a new coronavirus that has a high contagious power causing severe illness in some individuals that may even lead to death, no vaccine or special effective treatment has been offered yet. By noticing the genetic similarity between Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS) and SARS-CoV viruses with SARS-CoV-2 and especially between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the aim of this research was to express the proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus including the spike (S), nucleocapsid (N) and other proteins in the virus and their function in entering host cells, virus replication and production on one hand, and developing possible drugs that are effective in treating this coronavirus infection by targeting the above-mentioned proteins. On the other hand, the researchers are looking to offer a possible vaccine to prevent infection with this virus by using the proteins of this virus. © 2020 The Author(s).
RESUMEN
Coronaviruses belong to the Coronaviridae family and three SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 pathogens are found in this family, all of which cause respiratory disorders in human beings. SARS-CoV-2 is a RNA virus of approximately 160-80 nm in size and genomic size of approximately 27-35 kb which causes COVID-19. Symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, fatigue and muscle weakness, shortness of breath, sputum, headache, diarrhea and muscle inflammation. It causes death in the elderly, people with hypertension, a history of cardiovascular diseases, people with diabetes, cancer, impaired immune system, transplanted, and all people with immunocompromised weakness. Various studies have shown that three major events are respiratory disorders, lymphocytopenia, and cytokine storm as SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through the ACE-2 receptor on the surface of alveolar type 2 lung cells;in which case, pneumonia, loss of lung function, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), shock and even death occur because of the failure in the adjustment of inflammatory responses from immune system and proliferation of cytokines. As the virus enters the cells, receptors of intrinsic immune system-TLR3, TLR7 (endosomal receptors) and RIG-I and MDA-5 (cytosolic receptors) detects the RNA of the virus. Involvement of the receptors ends up with the production of different types of cytokines such as type I interferons and inflammation. In respect of acquired cellular immune system of Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes with cytokine production, the lymphocytes T CD8+ (CTL) play their part by producing perforin, granzyme and cytokine. Humoral-acquired immune activity can be determined in most patients by producing IgM (9 days after disease onset) and IgG (two weeks after disease onset). SARS-CoV-2 makes use of mechanisms such as disruption in the production of type I interferons, reduction of MHC-I, MHC-II expression, and increase of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression on the surface of CTL cells (T cell exhaustion) in order to evade the immune system. In this paper, we present a review of the most recent data on the immunopathogenic mechanisms of the infection with respiratory viruses, especially SARS-CoV-2. © 2020 Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.